Graffiti from 19th-century passers-by is scratched into its walls though this is now illegal. Father Eusebio Kino was the first European to view the Hohokam complex in November 1694 and named it Casa Grande. Casa Grande contained a ball court much like that found at Pueblo Grande de Nevada. The process consisted of using damp adobe to form the walls and then waiting for it to dry, and then building it up with more adobe.
Noticeable horizontal cracks define the breaks between courses on the thick outer walls. The wet adobe is thicker at the base and adds significant strength. The structures were constructed using traditional adobe processes. The outer rooms are all three stories high, while the inner structure is four stories high. The large house consists of outer rooms surrounding an inner structure.
The structure is made of caliche, and has managed to survive the extreme weather conditions for about seven centuries. "Casa Grande" is Spanish for "big house" ( Siwañ Wa'a Ki: in O'odham) these names refer to the largest structure on the site, which is what remains of a four-story structure that may have been abandoned by 1450. "Archeologists have discovered evidence that the ancient Sonoran Desert people who built the Casa Grande also developed wide-scale irrigation farming and extensive trade connections which lasted over a thousand years until about 1450 CE. The national monument consists of the ruins of multiple structures surrounded by a compound wall constructed by the ancient people of the Hohokam period, who farmed the Gila Valley in the early 13th century.
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